22.06.2009, 08:27 | #11 | ||||||||
Местный
Регистрация: 19.06.2009
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Цитата:
Appleyard M., Hansen A. T., Schnohr P., Jensen G., Nyboe J. The Copenhagen City Heart Study. A book of tables with data from the first examination (1976–78) and a five year follow-up (1981–83). J Soc Med 1989; 170: 1–160. По вопросу о состоянии здоровья трезвых групп: Во введении они пишут, что исследования на различных популяциях показывают, что умеренное потребление алкоголя улучшает уровень смертности, и что возможность ошибочных результатов широко обсуждалась в последние десятилетия. Различные неучтенные факторы, включая изначальное наличие заболеваний, могут привести к завышению оценки риска в отдельных группах. Предыдущие исследования брали большинство потенциальных искажающих факторов в расчет, и приводят ссылки. Например, исследование проведенное на мужчинах-врачах, где участники (12 тысяч) изначально были поделены на группы здоровых, и имеющих заболевания. Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors The doctors were therefore specifically asked at the start of the study to say if they had ever had a myocardial infarction, any other heart disease, a transient ischaemic attack, any other form of cerebral vascular disease, hypertension requiring treatment, angina, intermittent claudication, or any other vascular disease or disorder of coagulation. For non-vascular diseases the questions about medical histories were less detailed, and the participants were asked only if they had had diabetes or any other life threatening or disabling disease. Altogether, 5402 reported that they had had some previous disease (vascular or other), and 6919 reported that they had not. Снижение смертности было в обоих группах: For most of the causes of death studied, the mortality was higher in non-drinkers than in light drinkers irrespective of whether individual subjects had reported previous ill health (table III). These differences cannot easily be attributed to bias or to chance, although they might by chance have appeared to be greater than they really were. Possible explanations are the inclusion among the non-drinkers of some heavy drinkers who did not wish to admit to their habit or who had given up alcohol, particularly if they had given up because of incipient disease; confounding between drinking habits and behaviour that was conducive to good health or to disease; and an effect of small amounts of alcohol in protecting against the development or fatality of disease. Цитата:
Дальше уж как нибудь сами, я, думаю, достаточно потрудился. Цитата:
Reliable quantitative evidence is, however, difficult to obtain. Information about usual drinking habits has to be obtained not from direct measurement but from answers provided by individual people about themselves or their close relatives and friends. Unless the amount usually drunk is close to zero it is intrinsically difficult to describe, and the description is peculiarly liable to bias. For many people, the consumption of alcohol has emotional and moral overtones, and respondents may underestimate the amount drunk from feelings of guilt or, perhaps less often, exaggerate it out of bravado. Moreover, the amount that a person normally drinks may vary substantially from one period to another, affecting the relevance of answers at one time to subsequent mortality. Despite these difficulties, prospective studies of alcohol use and subsequent mortality can still yield useful results, at least among people in middle or old age with long established habits. Цитата:
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